#FRLD

Nairobi Floods and the Urgent Case for Loss and Damage Finance

Climate-induced floods are no longer distant projections but present realities. The devastating March 2026 flash floods in Nairobi have left 23 people dead and 71 vehicles swept away. Beyond the numbers lies a deeper story of vulnerability, inequality, and the escalating human cost of climate change. Across Nairobi, many communities have been severely affected. Among the hardest-hit areas are Pipeline and Embakasi, where Kware Road was cut off by floodwaters. The deadly waters also flooded residential areas in Mukuru Kwa Njenga, Reuben, Viwandani, Kibra, Mathare, Huruma, Baba Dogo, Githurai, South B, South C, and parts of Westlands. For residents in these neighborhoods many of whom already face precarious living conditions- the floods have disrupted livelihoods, displaced families, and destroyed homes and essential infrastructure. The floods have also paralyzed mobility across Nairobi. Several major roads have been declared impassable due to rising water levels and debris. Key transport routes affected by the flooding include sections of Central Business District roads, Uhuru Highway, Mbagathi Way, Mombasa Road (South C–JKIA Exit–Kyumbi), Thika Superhighway (Githurai–Kahawa Sukari), Jogoo Road, Lunga Lunga Road, Enterprise Road, and Lang’ata Road near T-Mall. These disruptions have not only stranded commuters but also hindered emergency response efforts, compounding the crisis for affected communities. While floods have long been part of seasonal weather patterns, the frequency and intensity of such extreme weather events are increasing due to climate change. The flooding in Nairobi is exacerbated by a combination of heavier rainfall, inadequate drainage systems, rapid urbanization, and settlements located in flood-prone areas. The result is a disaster that disproportionately affects low-income communities living at the frontline of climate change. These tragedies highlight the urgent need for global Loss and Damage financing mechanisms to support vulnerable countries like Kenya. Loss and damage refer to the impacts of climate change that go beyond what communities can adapt to when homes are destroyed, lives are lost, and livelihoods are washed away. For countries across the Global South, these impacts are becoming increasingly frequent and devastating. Yet Kenya, like many African countries, accounts for only a smallfraction of global greenhouse gas emissions. Africa as a whole accounts for less than 4% of historic global emissions, yet it faces some of the most severe consequences of climate change. This stark imbalance underscores a fundamental principle of climate justice: those who have contributed most to the climate crisis must take responsibility for addressing its consequences. The establishment of the Funding for Loss and Damage under the global climate negotiations marked an important step toward recognizing this responsibility. However, commitments must now translate into adequate, accessible, and predictable financing for affected countries and communities. Without this support, governments and communities will continue to struggle to recover from disasters while also attempting to invest in resilience and adaptation. The devastating floods in Nairobi are a painful reminder that the costs of climate inaction are measured not only in economic losses but also in human lives, dignity, and the stability of communities. The world must act, and act now. #PayUp4LossandDamage

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Kenya First Tracks the Barbados Implementation Modalities Under FRLD

African Center for Health, Climate & Gender Justice Alliance (ACHCGA)  joined experts, professors and  lecturers from Masinde Muliro University Department of Disaster Management, the County Government of Kisumu, the County Government of Turkana, Cunty of Busia, the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA), State Department of Gender and Affirmative action, the National Treasury, United Nations Population Fund, Egerton University, and the National Social Protection Secretariat, Collaborative Centre for Gender and Development, State Department for transport,  the African Center for Health, and the NDC Partnership to discuss the  Barbados Implementation Modalities acronymized as BIM. The BIM guides the operationalization of the global response to loss and damage under Article 8 of the Paris Agreement. The BIM also reaffirms that support for Parties (Nation States) that have suffered Loss and Damage will be needs-based and capped. The BIM also stipulates priorities for climate-vulnerable countries. In a landmark move, the climate Change Directorate (CCD) under the Kenyan Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forestry, in partnership with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Kenya, launched an initiative to fast-track discussion climate-induced loss and damage in the country and domesticate, in line with the Barbados Implementation Modalities. Kenya’s bold step to domesticate the BIM is critical in addressing the escalating climate crisis that continues to inflict severe environmental, economic, and social impacts. This move is timely, following discussions at COP30 in Belém (November 2025), where Parties advanced the implementation of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage under the Barbados Implementation Modalities (BIM). Speaking during one of the sessions, James Thonjo, a senior climate change officer with Kenya’s Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forestry, said, “The losses and damages from climate change can no longer be ignored.” “We have witnessed rising water levels in the recent past that have ravaged communities of their livelihoods,” Thonjo continued, highlighting the immediate and visible impacts. Notably, in 2024 flash floods, exacerbated by an unprecedented El Niño, ravaged the country, claiming over 174 lives, displacing over 500,000 households. The unabated floods also destroyed 17,000 acres of farmland.  Professor Simon Onywere from Kenyatta University said, “Climate change is one of the major drivers of the rising lakes and hence application for FRLD funds are quite in order.” The Professor who has done extensive research on rising water levels along the Rift Valley Lakes reiterated the worsening impacts faced by the communities. Professor Onywere further, underscored the need for government to increase funds allocation to support these communities including through accessing the available global funding like the Funding for Loss and Damage. 

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Why Gender Must Drive Loss and Damage Responses

Climate change is not gender neutral. A 2022 United Nations report underscores the disproportionate burden borne by women and girls in the face of climate-related disasters. When extreme weather events strike, women and children are 14 times more likely to die than men, largely due to limited access to early warning information, restricted mobility, unequal decision-making power, and fewer economic resources.   In Kenya, the impacts of climate change prolonged droughts, flooding, food insecurity, and displacement have had far-reaching and increasingly irreversible consequences. These effects can no longer be addressed through adaptation measures alone. As articulated under Article 8 of the Paris Agreement, it recognizes loss and damage as climate-induced harms that are unavoidable, irreversible, and beyond the limits of adaptation. The 2024 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) confirms climate change disproportionately affects women, exacerbating inequalities, while also highlighting women’s crucial role in solutions. Speaking during a Post COP 30 meeting on loss and damage organized by UNFPA Kenya and the Ministry of Climate Change, Environment and Forestry, Ruth Nyamasege, the in-Country Facilitator for Kenya with the NDC Partnership said, “Women in Kenya have been disproportionately impacted by the climate crisis.” Nyamasege also underscore that there have incurred losses and damages that not only warrant attention but quantification.” She further highlighted that women’s livelihoods have been deeply affected by climate change, and that women remain vulnerable now more than ever. Accordingly, Grace Uwizeye from UNFPA East Africa Regional Office (UNFPA ESARO) said, “Climate change is not gender neutral.” Uwizeye further demonstrated that women loss of livelihood has been attributed to the climate induced loss and damage. She also highlighted that over 107, 318 women of reproductive age have been affected in Kenya due to rising water levels.  She further insisted that more studies need to be conducted in order to satiate that the gravity of the losses imputed by climate change.

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